Everything about Growth Ring totally explained
Dendrochronology (from the
Greek δένδρον = tree, χρόνος = time, and λογία = study) or
tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. This technique was developed during the first half of the 20th century originally by the astronomer
A. E. Douglass, the founder of the
Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the
University of Arizona. Douglass sought to better understand cycles of sunspot activity and reasoned (correctly) that changes in solar activity would affect climate patterns on earth which would subsequently be recorded by tree-ring growth patterns (
for example, sunspots --> climate --> tree rings). The technique of dendrochronology can date the tree rings in many types of wood to the exact calendar year each ring was formed.
Growth rings
Growth rings, also referred to as
tree rings or
annual rings, can be seen in a horizontal
cross section cut through the
trunk of a
tree. Growth rings are the result of new growth in the
vascular cambium, a
lateral meristem, and are synonymous with
secondary growth. Visible rings result from the change in growth speed through the
seasons of the year, thus one ring usually marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. The rings are more visible in
temperate zones, where the seasons differ more markedly.
The inner portion of a growth ring is formed early in the growing season, when growth is comparatively rapid (hence the wood is less dense) and is known as "early wood" or "spring wood" or "late-spring wood". The outer portion is the "late wood" (and has sometimes been termed "summer wood", often being produced in the summer, though sometimes in the autumn) and is more dense. "Early wood" is used in preference to "spring wood", as the latter term may not correspond to that time of year in climates where early wood is formed in the early summer (for example
Canada) or in autumn, as in some
Mediterranean species.
In trees like
white pines there isn't much contrast in the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and can be said to have a mild grain (visually).
Many
trees in temperate zones make one growth ring each year, with the newest adjacent to the bark. For the entire period of a tree's life, a year-by-year record or ring pattern is formed that reflects the climatic conditions in which the tree grew. Adequate moisture and a long growing season result in a wide ring. A drought year may result in a very narrow one. Alternating poor and favorable conditions, such as mid summer droughts, can result in several rings forming in a given year. Trees from the same region will tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths for a given period. These patterns can be compared and matched ring for ring with trees growing in the same geographical zone and under similar climatic conditions. Following these tree-ring patterns from living trees back through time, chronologies can be built up, both for entire regions, and for sub-regions of the world. Thus wood from ancient structures can be matched to known chronologies (a technique called
cross-dating) and the age of the wood determined precisely. Cross-dating was originally done by visual inspection. Nowadays, computers do the statistical matching.
To eliminate individual variations in tree ring growth, dendrochronologists take the smoothed average of the tree ring widths of multiple tree samples to build up a ring history. This process is termed replication. A tree ring history whose beginning and end dates are not known is called a
floating chronology. It can be anchored by cross-matching either the beginning or the end section against the end sections of another chronology (tree ring history) whose dates are known. Fully anchored chronologies which extend back more than 10,000 years exist for river oak trees from South Germany (from the
Main and
Rhine rivers). Another fully anchored chronology which extends back 8500 years exists for the bristlecone pine in the
Southwest US (
White Mountains of California). Furthermore, the mutual consistency of these two independent dendrochronological sequences has been confirmed by comparing their radiocarbon and dendrochronological ages.
In 2004 a new calibration curve
INTCAL04 was internationally ratified for calibrated dates back to 26,000
Before Present (BP) based on an agreed worldwide data set of trees and marine sediments.
Sampling and dating
Timber core samples measure the width of annual growth rings. By taking samples from different sites and different
strata within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence that becomes a part of the scientific record; for example, ancient timbers found in buildings can be dated to give an indication of when the source tree was alive and growing, setting an upper limit on the age of the wood. Some genera of trees are more suitable than others for this type of analysis. Likewise, in areas where trees grew in marginal conditions such as aridity or semi-aridity, the techniques of dendrochronology are more consistent than in humid areas. These tools have been important in archaeological dating of timbers of the cliff dwellings of
Native Americans in the arid Southwest.
A benefit of dendrochronology is that it makes available specimens of once-living material accurately dated to a specific year to be used as a
calibration and check of
radiocarbon dating, through the estimation of a date range formed through the interception of radiocarbon (
BP, or
'B'efore
'P'resent, where present equals
1950-01-01) and calendar years. The
bristlecone pine, being exceptionally long-lived and slow growing, has been used for this purpose, with still-living and dead specimens providing tree ring patterns going back thousands of years. In some regions dating sequences of more than 10,000 years are available.
The dendrochronologist faces many obstacles, however, including some
species of
ant which inhabit
trees and extend their galleries into the wood, thus destroying ring structure.
Similar seasonal patterns also occur in
ice cores and in
varves (layers of
sediment deposition in a lake, river, or sea bed). The deposition pattern in the core will vary for a frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake,and with the fineness of the sediment. These are used for dating in a manner similar to dendrochronology, and such techniques are used in combination with dendrochronology, to plug gaps and to extend the range of the seasonal data available to archaeologists.
While archaeologists can use the technique to date the piece of wood and when it was felled, it may be difficult to definitively determine the age of a building or structure that the wood is in. The wood could have been reused from an older structure, may have been felled and left for many years before use, or could have been used to replace a damaged piece of wood.
Applications
European chronologies derived from wooden structures found it difficult to bridge the gap in the 14th century when there was a building hiatus which coincided with the
Black Death. Other plagues which were less well recorded also appear in the record.
In areas where the
climate is reasonably predictable, trees develop annual rings of different properties depending on
weather,
rain,
temperature, etc. in different years. These variations may be used to infer past climate variations.
Given a sample of wood, the variation of the tree ring growths provides not only a match by year, it can also match location because the climate across Europe isn't consistent. This makes it possible to determine the source of ships as well as smaller artifacts made from wood but which were transported long distances.
Further Information
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